Reference
Skincare ingredients glossary
A plain-English guide to the actives you see on skincare labels — what each one does, who it suits, and how to use it. Not medical advice; introduce new actives one at a time.
Niacinamide
A form of vitamin B3 that helps control oil, refine the look of pores, even out tone, and support the skin barrier. Well tolerated by most skin types.
Retinol & retinoids
Vitamin A derivatives that speed cell turnover to smooth texture, soften fine lines, and clear acne. Start two or three nights a week and always wear daily SPF, since they increase sun sensitivity.
Salicylic acid (BHA)
An oil-soluble beta hydroxy acid that gets into pores to dissolve the gunk behind blackheads and breakouts. Great for oily and acne-prone skin.
Hyaluronic acid (HA)
A humectant that holds water in the skin for lightweight hydration and a plumper look. Apply to damp skin and seal with moisturizer so it does not pull moisture out in dry air.
Vitamin C
An antioxidant that brightens, fades dark spots, and boosts sun protection. Usually used in the morning under sunscreen.
Benzoyl peroxide
An anti-bacterial active that kills acne-causing bacteria. Effective for inflamed breakouts; can be drying and may bleach fabrics.
AHAs (glycolic, lactic acid)
Water-soluble alpha hydroxy acids that exfoliate the surface to smooth texture and brighten dull skin. Increase sun sensitivity, so pair with SPF.
Ceramides
Lipids that are part of the skin barrier. Moisturizers with ceramides help repair and reinforce the barrier, easing dryness and sensitivity.
Broad-spectrum SPF
Sunscreen that protects against both UVA (aging) and UVB (burning) rays. The single most proven anti-aging step; use it every morning, rain or shine.